In North America, bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and in the top ten for women. In the United States, approximately 70,000 patients are newly diagnosed with bladder cancer each year. In addition, the cancers of many previously-diagnosed patients remain unresolved, sometimes leading to cystectomy (bladder removal) or death. Approximately 70% bladder cancer patients have the non-muscle-invasive form of bladder cancer at diagnosis.
Researchers from the University of York have recreated how toxins from smoking cause unique patterns of DNA damage.
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